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. Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American musician, composer, activist and filmmaker. His work is characterized by nonconformity, free-form improvisation, sound experiments, musical virtuosity, and satire of American culture.

In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa composed, and works, and produced almost all of the 60-plus albums that he released with his band and as a solo artist. Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his era. As a self-taught composer and performer, Zappa's diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize. While in his teens, he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical composers such as, and, along with 1950s and music.

He began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands; later switching to electric guitar. His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention, combined songs in conventional format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound. He continued this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the fundamental format was rock, jazz or classical. Zappa's output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed 'Project/Object', with numerous musical phrases, ideas, and characters reappearing across his albums.

His lyrics reflected his views of established social and political processes, structures and movements, often humorously so. He was a strident critic of mainstream education and, and a forthright and passionate advocate for, political participation and the abolition of censorship. Unlike many other rock musicians of his generation, he personally disapproved of and seldom used drugs, but supported their decriminalization and regulation. During Zappa's lifetime, he was a highly productive and prolific artist, earning widespread acclaim from critics and fellow musicians. He had some commercial success, particularly in Europe, and worked as an for most of his career.

He remains a major influence on musicians and composers. His honors include an induction into the 1995 and the 1997.

In 2000, he was ranked number 36 on 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock. In 2004, magazine ranked him at number 71 on its, and in 2011 at number 22 on its list of the '100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time'. Contents. 1940s–1960s: Early life and career Childhood Zappa was born on December 21, 1940 in, Maryland. His mother, Rosemarie ( Collimore) was of (Neapolitan and Sicilian) and ancestry; his father, whose name was Anglicized to Francis Vincent Zappa, was an immigrant from, with and ancestry. Frank, the eldest of four children, was raised in an Italian-American household where was often spoken by his grandparents.: 6 The family moved often because his father, a and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the family returned to, where Zappa's father worked at the Arsenal facility of the.

Due to their home's proximity to the arsenal, which stored, gas masks were kept in the home in case of an accident.: 20-23 This had a profound effect on Zappa, and references to germs, germ warfare and the defense industry occur throughout his work.: 8-9 Zappa was often sick as a child, suffering from, and problems. A doctor treated his sinusitis by inserting a pellet of into each of Zappa's nostrils.

At the time, little was known about the potential dangers of even small amounts of therapeutic radiation,: 10 and although it has since been claimed that nasal radium treatment has causal connections to cancer, no studies have provided significant enough evidence to confirm this. Nasal imagery and references appear in his music and lyrics, as well as in the collage album covers created by his long-time collaborator. Zappa believed his childhood diseases might have been due to exposure to mustard gas, released by the nearby chemical warfare facility. His health worsened when he lived in Baltimore.: 20-23: 10 In 1952, his family relocated for reasons of health.: 22 They next moved to, where his father taught at the. They soon moved to,: 46 then to, before finally settling in.

First musical interests. The opening track on Hot Rats is considered one of Zappa's most enduring compositions.: 74 Problems playing this file?

Zappa and the Mothers of Invention returned to Los Angeles in mid-1968, and the Zappas moved into a house on Laurel Canyon Boulevard, only to move again to one on Woodrow Wilson Drive.: 178 This was Zappa's home for the rest of his life. Despite being a success with fans in Europe, the Mothers of Invention were not faring well financially. Their first records were vocally oriented, but Zappa wrote more instrumental jazz and classical oriented music for the band's concerts, which confused audiences. Zappa felt that audiences failed to appreciate his 'electrical chamber music'.: 119-120: 185-187. Zappa with the Mothers of Invention, Paris, 1971 In 1969 there were nine band members and Zappa was supporting the group himself from his publishing whether they played or not. 1969 was also the year Zappa, fed up with MGM Records' interference, left them for ' subsidiary where Zappa/Mothers recordings would bear the Bizarre Records imprint. In late 1969, Zappa broke up the band.

He often cited the financial strain as the main reason,: 107 but also commented on the band members' lack of sufficient effort.: 120 Many band members were bitter about Zappa's decision, and some took it as a sign of Zappa's concern for perfection at the expense of human feeling.: 185-187 Others were irritated by 'his ways',: 123 exemplified by Zappa's never staying at the same hotel as the band members.: 116 Several members played for Zappa in years to come. Remaining recordings with the band from this period were collected on and (both released in 1970). Frank Zappa in Paris, early 1970s In 1970 Zappa met conductor.

They arranged a May 1970 concert where Mehta conducted the augmented by a rock band. According to Zappa, the music was mostly written in motel rooms while on tour with the Mothers of Invention.

Some of it was later featured in the movie.: 109 Although the concert was a success, Zappa's experience working with a symphony orchestra was not a happy one.: 88 His dissatisfaction became a recurring theme throughout his career; he often felt that the quality of performance of his material delivered by orchestras was not commensurate with the money he spent on orchestral concerts and recordings.: 142-156 Later in 1970, Zappa formed a new version of the Mothers (from then on, he mostly dropped the 'of Invention'). It included British drummer, jazz keyboardist, (bass, rhythm guitar), and three members of: bass player, and singers and, who, due to persistent legal and contractual problems, adopted the stage name 'The Phlorescent Leech and Eddie', or '.: 201 This version of the Mothers debuted on Zappa's next solo album (1970),: 205 which was followed by the double-album soundtrack to the movie 200 Motels (1971), featuring the Mothers, the, and. Co-directed by Zappa and, it was filmed in a week at outside London.: 183 Tensions between Zappa and several cast and crew members arose before and during shooting.: 183 The film deals loosely with life on the road as a rock musician.: 207 It was the first feature film photographed on and transferred to, a process that allowed for novel visual effects. It was released to mixed reviews.: 94 The score relied extensively on orchestral music, and Zappa's dissatisfaction with the classical music world intensified when a concert, scheduled at the after filming, was canceled because a representative of the venue found some of the lyrics obscene. Download fujifilm software for finepix. In 1975, he lost a lawsuit against the Royal Albert Hall for breach of contract.: 119-137 After 200 Motels, the band went on tour, which resulted in two live albums, and; the latter included the 20-minute track ', Zappa's satire on rock opera set in Southern California.

This track was representative of the band's theatrical performances—which used songs to build sketches based on 200 Motels scenes, as well as new situations that often portrayed the band members' sexual encounters on the road.: 203-204 Accident, attack and aftermath. The closing track on Waka/Jawaka, one of Zappa's jazz-oriented albums. Problems playing this file? On December 4, 1971, Zappa suffered his first of two serious setbacks. While performing at in Switzerland, the Mothers' equipment was destroyed when a flare set off by an audience member started a fire that burned down the casino.: 112-115 Immortalized in 's song ', the event and immediate aftermath can be heard on the bootleg album Swiss Cheese/Fire, released legally as part of Zappa's compilation. After losing $50,000 (equivalent to $302,000 in 2017) worth of equipment and a week's break, the Mothers played at the, London, with rented gear.

During the encore, audience member Trevor Howell pushed Zappa off the stage and into the concrete-floored orchestra pit. The band thought Zappa had been killed—he had suffered serious fractures, head trauma and injuries to his back, leg, and neck, as well as a crushed, which ultimately caused his voice to drop a after healing.: 112-115 This attack resulted in an extended period of wheelchair confinement, making touring impossible for over half a year. Upon return to the stage in September 1972, Zappa was still wearing a leg brace, had a noticeable limp and could not stand for very long while on stage. Zappa noted that one leg healed 'shorter than the other' (a reference later found in the lyrics of songs 'Zomby Woof' and '), resulting in chronic back pain.: 112-115 Meanwhile, the Mothers were left in limbo and eventually formed the core of Flo and Eddie's band as they set out on their own.

During 1971–72 Zappa released two strongly jazz-oriented solo LPs, and, which were recorded during the forced layoff from concert touring, using floating line-ups of session players and Mothers alumni.: 101 Musically, the albums were akin to Hot Rats, in that they featured extended instrumental tracks with extended soloing.: 225-226 Zappa began touring again in late 1972.: 225-226 His first effort was a series of concerts in September 1972 with a 20-piece referred to as the Grand Wazoo. This was followed by a scaled-down version known as the Petit Wazoo that toured the U.S. For five weeks from October to December 1972. Top 10 album: Apostrophe ( ') Zappa then formed and toured with smaller groups that variously included (reeds, keyboards), (vibes, marimba), Sal Marquez (trumpet, vocals), (sax, flute and vocals), (trombone), (bass), (drums), (drums), (keyboards, vocals), and (violin).

Frank Zappa in concert, Sydney, June 1973 By 1973 the Bizarre and Straight labels were discontinued. In their place, Zappa and Cohen created, also distributed by Warner Bros.: 231 Zappa continued a high rate of production through the first half of the 1970s, including the solo album (1974), which reached a career-high No. 10 on the pop album charts helped by the chart single '. One of Zappa's complex, percussion-based compositions featured on Zappa in New York. Problems playing this file?

Zappa in New York featured a song about sex criminal, 'The Illinois Enema Bandit', which featured Don Pardo providing the opening narrative in the song. Like many songs on the album, it contained numerous sexual references,: 132 leading to many critics objecting and being offended by the content.: 134: 261-262 Zappa dismissed the criticism by noting that he was a journalist reporting on life as he saw it.: 234 Predating his later fight against censorship, he remarked: 'What do you make of a society that is so primitive that it clings to the belief that certain words in its language are so powerful that they could corrupt you the moment you hear them?' The remaining albums released by Warner Bros. Records without Zappa's consent were in 1978 and and in 1979, which contained complex suites of instrumentally-based tunes recorded between 1973 and 1976, and whose release was overlooked in the midst of the legal problems.: 138 Independent label. The single became a hit in non-English speaking countries and helped Sheik Yerbouti become a best-seller.: 351 Problems playing this file?

Resolving the lawsuits successfully, Zappa ended the 1970s 'stronger than ever',: 140 by releasing two of his most successful albums in 1979: the best selling album of his career, and in Kelley Lowe's opinion the 'bona fide masterpiece',: 140. The double album Sheik Yerbouti was the first release on, and contained the -nominated single 'Dancin' Fool', which reached No. 45 on the Billboard charts, and ', which received attention when a Jewish group, the (ADL), attempted to prevent the song from receiving radio airplay due to its alleged lyrics.: 234 Zappa vehemently denied any anti-Semitic sentiments, and dismissed the ADL as a 'noisemaking organization that tries to apply pressure on people in order to manufacture a stereotype image of Jews that suits their idea of a good time.' The album's commercial success was attributable in part to '. Zappa performing at the, 1980. The concert was released in 2007 as. In 1980, Zappa cut his ties with record distributor Phonogram after the label refused to release his song '. It was picked up by and released on the Zappa label in the United States and Canada, and by the CBS label internationally.

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After spending much of 1980 on the road, Zappa released in 1981. It was the first release on his own,: 161 and it contains songs taken from a 1979 tour, one studio track and material from the 1980 tours. The title track on Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar features Zappa's guitar improvisations.

Problems playing this file? In 1981, Zappa also released three instrumental albums, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar Some More, and The Return of the Son of Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, which were initially sold via mail order, but later released through the label due to popular demand. The albums focus exclusively on Frank Zappa as a guitar soloist, and the tracks are predominantly live recordings from 1979 to 1980; they highlight Zappa's improvisational skills with 'beautiful performances from the backing group as well'. Another guitar-only album, was released in 1988, and a third, which Zappa completed shortly before his death, was released in 2006. 'Valley Girl' and classical performances In May 1982, Zappa released, which featured his biggest selling single ever, the -nominated song ' (topping out at No. 32 on the Billboard charts).

In her improvised lyrics to the song, Zappa's daughter satirized the patois of teenage girls from the, which popularized many ' expressions such as 'gag me with a spoon', 'fer sure, fer sure', 'grody to the max', and 'barf out'. In 1983, two different projects were released, beginning with, a rock-oriented work. The album is eclectic, featuring the vocal-led 'Dangerous Kitchen' and 'The Jazz Discharge Party Hats', both continuations of the sprechstimme excursions on Tinseltown Rebellion. The second album, contained orchestral Zappa compositions conducted by and performed by the (LSO). A second record of these sessions, was released in 1987. The material was recorded under a tight schedule with Zappa providing all funding, helped by the commercial success of 'Valley Girl'.: 146-156 Zappa was not satisfied with the LSO recordings.

One reason is 'Strictly Genteel', which was recorded after the trumpet section had been out for drinks on a break: the track took 40 edits to hide out-of-tune notes.: 146-156 Conductor Nagano, who was pleased with the experience, noted that 'in fairness to the orchestra, the music is humanly very, very difficult'.: 315 Some reviews noted that the recordings were the best representation of Zappa's orchestral work so far. In 1984 Zappa teamed again with Nagano and the Berkeley Symphony Orchestra for a live performance of A Zappa Affair with augmented orchestra, life-size puppets, and moving stage sets. Although critically acclaimed the work was a financial failure, and only performed twice. Zappa was invited by conference organizer to be the keynote speaker at the American Society of University Composers at the. It was there Zappa delivered his famous 'Bingo! There Goes Your Tenure' address, and had two of his orchestra pieces, 'Dupree's Paradise' and 'Naval Aviation in Art?' Performed by the and ProMusica Chamber Orchestra of Columbus.: 323 Synclavier.

A Zappa composition for classical ensemble from Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger Problems playing this file? For the remainder of his career, much of Zappa's work was influenced by his use of the as a compositional and performance tool.

Even considering the complexity of the music he wrote, the Synclavier could realize anything he could dream up.: 172-173 The Synclavier could be programmed to play almost anything conceivable, to perfection: 'With the Synclavier, any group of imaginary instruments can be invited to play the most difficult passages. With one-millisecond accuracy—every time'.: 172-173 Even though it essentially did away with the need for musicians,: 319 Zappa viewed the Synclavier and real-life musicians as separate.: 172-173 In 1984, he released four albums. Contains orchestral works commissioned and conducted by celebrated conductor, composer and pianist (who was listed as an influence on Freak Out!), and performed by his. These were juxtaposed with premiere Synclavier pieces.

Again, Zappa was not satisfied with the performances of his orchestral works, regarding them as under-rehearsed, but in the album liner notes he respectfully thanks Boulez's demands for precision.: 73 The Synclavier pieces stood in contrast to the orchestral works, as the sounds were electronically generated and not, as became possible shortly thereafter,. The album was an ambitious three-record set in the style of a Broadway play dealing with a 'what-if' scenario involving feminism, homosexuality, manufacturing and distribution of the AIDS virus, and a program conducted by the United States government. New vocals were combined with previously released tracks and new Synclavier music; 'the work is an extraordinary example of '., a Synclavier rendition of works by 18th-century composer was also released in 1984. Digital medium and last tour Around 1986, Zappa undertook a comprehensive re-release program of his earlier vinyl recordings.: 340 He personally oversaw the remastering of all his 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s albums for the new digital compact disc medium. Certain aspects of these re-issues were criticized by some fans as being unfaithful to the original recordings.

Nearly twenty years before the advent of online music stores, Zappa had proposed to replace 'phonographic record merchandising' of music by 'direct digital-to-digital transfer' through phone or cable TV (with royalty payments and consumer billing automatically built into the accompanying software).: 337-339 In 1989, Zappa considered his idea a 'miserable flop'.: 337-339 The album, released in 1986, earned Zappa his first in 1988 for. Except for one live guitar solo ('St. Etienne'), the album exclusively featured compositions brought to life by the Synclavier. Although an album, containing no lyrics, Meyer Music Markets sold Jazz from Hell featuring an 'explicit lyrics' sticker—a warning label introduced by the in an agreement with the (PMRC). Zappa's last tour in a rock and jazz band format took place in 1988 with a 12-piece group which had a repertoire of over 100 (mostly Zappa) compositions, but which split under acrimonious circumstances before the tour was completed.: 346-350 The tour was documented on the albums (new material featuring songs with strong political emphasis); (Zappa 'standards' and an eclectic collection of cover tunes, ranging from 's to 's ); and. Parts are also found on You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, volumes and.

Recordings from this tour also appear on the 2006 album. Health deterioration. One of Zappa's works for Synclavier on Civilization Phaze III, cited as his 'last great work'.: 100 Problems playing this file? In 1990, Zappa was diagnosed with terminal. The disease had been developing unnoticed for ten years and was considered inoperable.

After the diagnosis, Zappa devoted most of his energy to modern orchestral and works. Shortly before his death in 1993 he completed, a major Synclavier work which he had begun in the 1980s.: 374-375 In 1991, Zappa was chosen to be one of four featured composers at the Frankfurt Festival in 1992 (the others were, and ). Zappa was approached by the German chamber ensemble which was interested in playing his music for the event. Although ill, he invited them to Los Angeles for rehearsals of new compositions and new arrangements of older material.: 369 Zappa also got along with the musicians, and the concerts in Germany and Austria were set up for later in the year.: 369 Zappa also performed in 1991 in, claiming that 'was the first time that he had a reason to play his guitar in 3 years', and that that moment was just 'the beginning of a new country', and asked the public to 'try to keep your country unique, do not change it into something else'. In September 1992, the concerts went ahead as scheduled but Zappa could only appear at two in Frankfurt due to illness.

At the first concert, he conducted the opening 'Overture', and the final ' as well as the theatrical 'Food Gathering in Post-Industrial America, 1992' and 'Welcome to the United States' (the remainder of the program was conducted by the ensemble's regular conductor ). Zappa received a 20-minute ovation.: 371 G-Spot Tornado was performed with Canadian dancer. It was his last professional public appearance as the cancer was spreading to such an extent that he was in too much pain to enjoy an event that he otherwise found 'exhilarating'.: 371 Recordings from the concerts appeared on (1993), Zappa's last release during his lifetime, and some material from studio rehearsals appeared on the posthumous (1999). Death Zappa died, after his long battle with prostate cancer, on December 4, 1993, just 18 days before his 53rd birthday at his home with his wife and children by his side. At a private ceremony the following day, his body was buried in a grave at the, in Los Angeles. The grave is unmarked.: 552: 379-380 On December 6, his family publicly announced that 'Composer Frank Zappa left for his final tour just before 6:00 pm on Saturday'.: 320 Musical style and development Genres. Zappa with, 1990 In a 1991 interview, Zappa reported that he was a registered Democrat but added 'that might not last long—I'm going to shred that'.

Describing his political views, Zappa categorized himself as a '. He favored and low; he also stated that he approved of national defense, and other federal programs, but only if recipients of such programs are willing and able to pay for them.: 315–16, 323–24; 329–30 He favored capitalism, and independent business, stating that musicians could make more from owning their own businesses than from collecting royalties. He communism, stating, 'A system that doesn't allow ownership. Has—to put it mildly—a fatal design flaw.' : 315–16, 323–24; 329–30 He had always encouraged his fans to on album covers, and throughout 1988 he had registration booths at his concerts.: 348 He even considered running for president of the United States as an independent.: 365 Zappa was often characterized as an. He recalled his parents being 'pretty religious' and trying to make him go to Catholic school despite his resentment. He felt disgust towards organized religion (Christianity in particular) because he believed that it promoted ignorance and.

On Dweezil's birth certificate, Frank wrote 'musician' for 'father's religion'. Some of his songs, concert performances, interviews and public debates in the 1980s criticized and derided Republicans and their policies, President, the, and the, and warned that the United States government was in danger of becoming a 'fascist theocracy'. In early 1990, Zappa visited at the request of.

Havel designated him as Czechoslovakia's 'Special Ambassador to the West on Trade, Culture and Tourism'. Havel was a lifelong fan of Zappa, who had great influence in the avant-garde and underground scene in Central Europe in the 1970s and 1980s (a that was imprisoned in 1976 took its name from Zappa's 1968 song '). Under pressure from Secretary of State, Zappa's posting was withdrawn. Havel made Zappa an unofficial instead.: 357-361 Zappa planned to develop an international consulting enterprise to facilitate trade between the former Eastern Bloc and Western businesses. Anti-censorship Zappa expressed opinions on censorship when he appeared on 's and debated issues with Washington Times commentator in 1986. On September 19, 1985, Zappa testified before the Commerce, Technology, and Transportation committee, attacking the or PMRC, a music organization co-founded by, wife of then-senator.

The PMRC consisted of many wives of politicians, including the wives of five members of the committee, and was founded to address the issue of song lyrics with sexual or satanic content. Zappa saw their activities as on a path towards censorship,: 267 and called their proposal for voluntary with explicit content 'extortion' of the music industry.: 262 In his prepared statement, he said: The PMRC proposal is an ill-conceived piece of nonsense which fails to deliver any real benefits to children, infringes the civil liberties of people who are not children, and promises to keep the courts busy for years dealing with the interpretational and enforcemental problems inherent in the proposal's design. It is my understanding that, in law, First Amendment issues are decided with a preference for the least restrictive alternative. In this context, the PMRC's demands are the equivalent of treating by.

The establishment of a rating system, voluntary or otherwise, opens the door to an endless parade of moral quality control programs based on things certain Christians do not like. What if the next bunch of Washington wives demands a on all material written or performed by Jews, in order to save helpless children from exposure to concealed Zionist doctrine?

Zappa set excerpts from the PMRC hearings to Synclavier music in his composition 'Porn Wars' on the 1985 album, and the full recording was released in 2010 as Zappa is heard interacting with Senators, and. Legacy Acclaim and honors.

Frank Zappa was one of the first to try tearing down the barriers between rock, jazz, and classical music. In the late Sixties his Mothers of Invention would slip from Stravinsky's 'Petroushka' into The Dovells' 'Bristol Stomp' before breaking down into saxophone squeals inspired by Albert Ayler The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll Zappa earned widespread critical acclaim in his lifetime and after his death. (2004) writes: 'Frank Zappa dabbled in virtually all kinds of music—and, whether guised as a satirical rocker, jazz-rock fusionist, guitar virtuoso, electronics wizard, or orchestral innovator, his eccentric genius was undeniable.' Even though his work drew inspiration from many different genres, Zappa was seen as establishing a coherent and personal expression. In 1971, biographer David Walley noted that 'The whole structure of his music is unified, not neatly divided by dates or time sequences and it is all building into a composite'. On commenting on Zappa's music, politics and philosophy, noted in 2004 that they cannot be separated: 'It was all one; all part of his 'conceptual continuity'.'

Frank Zappa bust by Vaclav Cesak in, Germany Scientists from various fields have honored Zappa by naming new discoveries after him. In 1967, paleontologist Leo P. Identified an extinct in Nevada and named it Amaurotoma zappa with the motivation that, 'The specific name, zappa, honors Frank Zappa'. In the 1980s, biologist Ed Murdy named a of fishes of New Guinea Zappa, with a named Zappa confluentus. Biologist Ferdinando Boero named a Californian Phialella zappai (1987), noting that he had 'pleasure in naming this species after the modern music composer'.

Belgian biologists Bosmans and Bosselaers discovered in the early 1980s a Cameroonese spider, which they in 1994 named because 'the ventral side of the abdomen of the female of this species strikingly resembles the artist's legendary moustache'. A gene of the bacterium that causes urinary tract infections was in 1995 named zapA by three biologists from Maryland. In their scientific article, they 'especially thank the late Frank Zappa for inspiration and assistance with genetic nomenclature'. Repeating regions of the genome of the human tumor virus were named frnk, vnct and zppa in 1996 by the Moore and Chang who discovered the virus.

Also, a 143 base pair repeat sequence occurring at two positions was named waka/jwka. 'How Could I Be Such a Fool?'